Parkinson s Disease ( Pd ) - 1361 Words

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is progressive, incurable and debilitating. The disease is caused by a loss of dopamine producing neurons in the brainstem which leads primarily to motor deficits. In Australia, 1 in 350 people live with PD and the prevalence is quickly growing (Parkinson s Queensland, 2014). While most of the people diagnosed with PD are over 65 years old, people as young as 30 can develop the condition (Parkinson s Queensland, 2014). Currently, there is no known cure for the disease and thus treatment options are limited, meaning that those living with PD, will have to manage the condition for the rest of their life. While PD is often viewed as impacting only the older generation, the effect of the condition is multi-generational. There is a high burden of care for those with PD as they may become completely dependent in most of their activities of daily living (ADL), this impacting on the role of the spouse, family and health car e workers. It is therefore important for those with PD to remain as independent as possible, for as long as possible while maintaining a quality of life that is meaningful and satisfying to them. This is why occupational therapists with their unique focus on activities and meaning making, play an important role in PD management. In a patient with PD, neurodegeneration occurs primarily in the basal ganglia and causes dysfunction of the motor loop. As this circuit is responsible for the regulationShow MoreRelatedThe Parkinson s Disease ( Pd )1058 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Parkinson s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer s disease (Lang and Lozano, 1998). It affects about 1% of the population with different ethnic backgrounds throughout the world over the age of 65 (Tanner and Goldman, 1996). The aetiology of Parkinson s disease is not well understood; however, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role (Checkoway and Nelson, 1999). Pathologically, PD is characterised by mitochondrialRead MoreAnalysis Of Parkinson s Disease ( Pd )725 Words   |  3 Pages Introduction Parkinson s disease (PD) is the second world s major neurological disease (Laut Breteler, 2006) affecting 6 million people globally (Schapira, 1999). PD is a progressive and long term disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) activity with the following traits including bradykinesia, rigorousness, involuntary muscular contraction and unstable postural alignment (O Sullivan Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are located in the CNS have large nerve fibers and neurotransmittersRead MoreParkinson s Disease ( Pd )1326 Words   |  6 Pages Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases, falling second to Alzheimer’s disease. It is stated that there are roughly 5 million individuals worldwide and 1 million individuals in the U.S. that suffer from PD. PD arises from the lack of dopamine in the brain along with the degradation of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta.1 The degradation of the dopamine n eurons increases the number of free radicals in the substantia nigraRead MoreParkinson s Disease ( Pd )822 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aberrant ÃŽ ±-synuclein aggregates within neurons causing damage or neuronal death in different regions of the brain with most disease development occurring in the substantia nigra (NIH.PARK). ÃŽ ±-synuclein positive Lewy bodies are another hallmark of PD development (NIH.PARK). Damage or death of neurons leads to a decrease in dopamine production which is required for smooth control of muscle movement (NIH.PARK2, NIH.PARK). ClinicallyRead MoreParkinson s Disease ( Pd )951 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative debilitating movement disease which gets worse over time (Medscape, 2015). After much research and study no known cause has yet been determined and experts have hypothesized that it is a mix of inherited and environmental factors (M edscape, 2015). However, regardless of the unspecific cause, it is characterized by a significant loss in dopamine transportation to the basal ganglia which manifests itself in the three following physiologic signs: restingRead MoreAnalysis Of Parkinson s Disease ( Pd )1890 Words   |  8 Pagesthe salient characteristics associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are most commonly linked to motor deficits, including tremor and rigidity, a majority of individuals with PD also experience a variety of sensorimotor speech deficits. While listeners often describe the speech of individuals with PD as unnatural or unintelligible, reflecting many of the phonatory, articulatory, and prosodic deficits linked to the disorder, individuals with PD tend to minimize or even deny their speech differencesRead MoreEarly Parkinson s Disease ( Pd ) Through The Characteristics Of Finger Movement During Typing Essay5181 Words   |  21 Pagesresearch into detecting early Parkinson’s Disea se (PD) through the characteristics of finger movement during typing. It begins with a discussion of PD and its symptoms, and then provides an overview of the current and emerging diagnostic strategies for early detection of the disease, with particular emphasis on those involving human-computer interaction (HCI) and the relationship with keystroke biometrics. The scope of the review is to focus on the motor symptoms of PD, rather than the causes, pathogenesisRead MoreParkinsonS Disease, Also Known As Pd, Shaking Palsy, And1530 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinson s disease, also known as PD, shaking palsy, and paralysis agitans is an idiopathic neurodegenerative disorder; it rises from an unknown cause and increases in severity over time (Ronken). The disease was named after English physician James Parkinson, who first described it in 1817 (Weiner). PD can be defined as the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, which is the area of the brain that contains dopamine cells and regulates movement. As the degeneration of neurons occurs,Read MoreIs Parkinson Disease A Disease?1290 Words   |  6 Pages Parkinson Disease Danielle West University Of Arkansas Fort Smith Medical Terminology Fall of 2015 Introduction Parkinson is a disease that is a glitch in the neurons in the brain, which frequently affects the substantia nigra. Part of the dying neurons produces a chemical called dopamine. As this progresses, the dopamine in the brain decreases. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain which helps the body regulate coordination and movement in the body. Once Parkinson Disease (PD)Read MoreActive Music Therapy For Parkinson s Disease : An Integrative Method For Motor And Emotional Rehabilitation971 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article â€Å"Active Music Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: An Integrative Method for Motor and Emotional Rehabilitation† by Claudio Pacchetti, MD, Francesca Manni, MD, Roberto Aglieri, Cira Fundaro, MD, Emilia Martignoni, MD, and Giuseppe Nappi, MD published in Psychosomatic Medicine (2000) states that active music therapy is an effective method of rehabilitation for Parkinson’s Disease. As of now Parkinson’s disease (PD) has no effective cure, so all that can be done for those that are affected

Definition Of Moderate Drinking For Women Essay - 936 Words

Current State By current and supportive research, the definition of moderate drinking for women is a maximum of three to four standard drinks per drinking episode, and no more than nine drinks per week. By this standard, it is important to define what a standard drink is by measurement. A standard drink is any drink that contains approximately fourteen grams or one point two tablespoons of pure alcohol. So for example this would mean that a twelve ounce beer that is five percent alcohol or a five ounce glass of wine that is twelve percent alcohol would be one standard drink (National Institute on Alcohol, n. d.). Even though this is the standard, the weakness of this method is that it doesn’t take into account the age, height, and weight of the individual nor any underlying medical conditions or medications they may have that could askew this standard number of drinks that can be had. For instance, a thirty year old, two hundred pound female will metabolize alcohol better than an eighty year old woman who is only ninety pounds. It takes roughly one drink per forty pounds of body weight per hour to make a person’s blood alcohol level reach zero point zero eight percent, and it takes about an hour for the body to metabolize one standard drink. So another way to define what moderate drinking means is by vaguely defining it as moderate drinkers do not drink to get drunk (Moderatedrinking.com, n. d.). In assuming that the individual is a moderate drinker by definition, thisShow MoreRelatedWhy The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1582 Words   |  7 PagesWhy the Legal Drinking Age should Be Lowered Ever since its creation in ancient times, alcohol has been used for many reasons and purposes. Since then, controversies have risen on the topic of alcohol consumption and production. Among these controversies is that of the legal drinking age. While that age is 21 years, the legal age for smoking and for holding political posts is 18 years, and the legal age for consent for sex is 16 years – two of which are activities that are equally, if not more,Read MoreEssay on Informative Speech631 Words   |  3 Pagescategories: (1) Content (2) Organization (3) Sources (4) Achievement of specific purpose (5) Symbolization SPS: To inform my audience about binge drinking on college campuses. CIS: Binge drinking is a significant problem on college campuses, there are alarming statistics about the prevalence of binge drinking, and how binge drinking affects the lives of other students. Org Pattern: Topical Introduction I. Have you ever been to a party and drank too much? How much is too much? IIRead MorePrenatal Alcohol Exposure And Childhood Behavior At Age 6822 Words   |  4 Pagesin comparison to children who had not been subjected to alcohol. The alcohol intake was categorized in three levels: no, low (0 but 0.3 fl oz of absolute alcohol/d), and moderate/ heavy (≠¥0.3 fl oz of absolute alcohol/d). However, there is no straightforward idea of â€Å"low†, â€Å"moderate†, and â€Å"heavy.† The operational definition for the independent variable is the amount of alcohol that was consumed in the two weeks prior the visit of the study. The dependent variable is found when parents fill outRead MoreAlcohol : Alcohol And Alcohol Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesor grains and containing ethanol.† (From the book pg GL-1) Ethanol is defined as â€Å"A specific alcohol compound (C2H5OH) formed from the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates and used in a variety of alcoholic beverages.† (From the book pg GL-4) Definition of proof is â€Å"A measure of the alcohol content of a liquid; 100-proof liquor is 50% alcohol by volume; 80-proof liquor is 40% alcohol by volume and so on.† (From the book pg GL-11)Alcohol is metabolized by few ways, which involves two enzymes.Read MoreAlcoholism as a Social Problem792 Words   |  4 PagesBinge Drinking Ââ€" Is It Worth Risking Your Life? What You Should Know About Alcohol Poisoning By United Behavioral Health.  © 2002. All rights reserved. Last reviewed: December 2004. The prevalence of binge drinking among college students has remained the same between 1994-2002 (44%). Each year 1400 college students between the ages of 18 and 24 die from alcohol-related unintentional injuries. 2.6 million young people do not know that a person can die from an overdose ofRead MoreThe Effects of Alcohol in College Students Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesconcentration and coordination. While drinking, the logical thought process can become disrupted without much notice, leading to unintended situations. At parties on university campuses, drinking games are a way for students to leisurely interact while usually drinking more than they normally would. Although the objective of most students during these games may be harmless, there some students that have a hidden agenda. Thomas J. Johnson reports in a current article that Drinking games are a popular contextRead MoreKeeping A Diary Doubles Diet Weight Loss980 Words   |  4 Pagesdirect link between keeping a food diary and double loss of weight. Therefore, though the research supports the claim, the confounding factors, notable in the research, such as compliance to support group meeting, adherence to DASH, and compliance to moderate intensity level of exercises for at least 30 minutes can also have an influence on weight loss. It is difficult to isolate the food diary as a sole contributor of double weight loss in a weight management program. 2.0. Internal validity ARead More The effects of alcohol in College Students Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagescoordination. While drinking, the logical thought process can become disrupted without much notice, leading to unintended situations. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At parties on university campuses, drinking games are a way for students to leisurely interact while usually drinking more than they normally would. Although the objective of most students during these games may be harmless, there some students that have a hidden agenda. Thomas J. Johnson reports in a current article that â€Å"Drinking games are aRead MoreKoren Zailckas, The Author Of Smashed: Story Of A Drunken1532 Words   |  7 Pageswhere she was a member of the Zeta Alpha Sigma sorority (p. 142). Currently, Zailckas resides in New York, with her singer-songwriter husband, Eamon Hamilton, and their three children, where she works as a professional journalist advocating for young women everywhere, especially those struggling with substance abuse problems (â€Å"About Koren Zailckas,† n.d.). Diagnostic Information Throughout her memoir, Koren Zailckas is best characterized as having a substance use disorder, or more specifically, severeRead MoreThose Who Fight For Their Country And Risk Their Lives1753 Words   |  8 Pagesalcoholic beverage. During the Roaring Twenties, before the National Minimum Legal Drinking Age Act of 1984, Prohibition set in and ratified the 18th Amendment. This closed many taverns, bars, and saloons in the United States; which drove alcohol underground, this started the underground alcohol trade. Eventually, the Prohibition was repealed and drinking was legal again for those of age and stipulations. The Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) is a term widely used to describe the age at which the legal consumption

Business Idea and Components of Business- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Idea and Components of Business Model. Answer: Introduction The business idea that I have chosen for the new venture is an organic product line and a movable organic food delivery service. The risk of obesity is increasing in Australia; according to statistics around 63% adults are overweight and suffering from obesity (AIHW, 2017). This has led to the demand of healthy and chemical free food products which can contribute in developing healthy eating which will result into a healthier lifestyle. My business idea includes organic products which will include organic food products such as cold pressed juices, organic snacks, vegetables, fruits and organic baby food products. Food delivery market has been growing at a rapid pace over these years. Every individual is willing to pay more for the sake of convenience and saving time. According to the data, Australian audience visit fast food outlet 51.5 million time per month, which has significantly increases the risk of diabetes and other heart diseases (Campbell, 2016). This has generated the need for healthier eating outlets (BBC, 2017). The food delivery service will be initiated in a van which will be placed at major outlets of the city. The ingredients used will be organic and fair trade marked. Fair trade products will not only help the business to achieve sustainability but also improve the lives of farmers (Foe, 2017). The Food delivery service will include breakfast, lunch and dinner boxed meal which will be healthy and tasty. Organic food is many times associated with green vegetables and that is why kids and adults dont find them tempting enough to switch them with their fast food options. But the menu of the organic food will consist of variety of delicious and healthier options which can attract the crowd. Business Model Components: A business model shows the how an organization will operate into the future, what will be their main business, how they will approach the target audience etc. The components of business model with respect to my business idea are: Product and services: The product line that will be offered by the new business venture is organic food products and organic meal services by a food delivery van. They will provide the meal boxes of Breakfast, lunch and dinner. Value proposition: With the increased consumption of fast food among the Australian public has led to the increase in the demand for the organic and healthy food products. The organic products will be fair trade marked and the ingredients will be of organic grade quality. Target Market segment: The target market for the food delivery service will be office going individuals because they are not able to cook a healthy three time meals for themselves due to lack of time and fast paced corporate life. As a result they rely on fast food which increases potential health risk. The target market for organic products will be every individual of Australia. The range of products will satisfy the need of adult, babies and senior age people. Distribution channel: The distribution channel for the food delivery service will be through delivery vans placed at every convenient location of the city. From malls to parks, the food will be available to everyone. The reason for choosing a van rather than a caf is because the venture is new; deliver van is a more feasible option than a caf. Organic food is generally priced on a higher side than the fast food. In order to persuade people to try out menu options the operation cost should be controlled so that they dont reflect in the food prices. The distribution channel for the organic food products will be through retail outlets such as Woolworths and Coles. The product will be fairly priced so that they can catch the attention of the audience. Pricing Strategy: As mentioned above the fast food is less expensive than the organic food but the health cost in consuming the fast food is much high. The pricing method used will be cost plus pricing method which will include the delivery van rent and cost involved in making and delivering food and organic products will be considered. The profit margin should be kept low in order to survive the competition. Competitors: Australian food market is flooded with many organic food caf chains such as AboutLife, Earth to table, Thrive etc. (The fit foodie, 2014). But what differentiates our product is a delivery van offering organic meal boxes at affordable prices. In the retail industry there are many competitors but the target market of our product is vast and offers to fulfill the needs of larger audience. References: BBC (2017)The risks of a poor diet and being overweight.BBC, London. Retrieved fromhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/healthyliving/dietrisk.shtmlon 10 May 2017. AIHW. (2017). Overweight and obesity. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/overweight-and-obesity/ on 10 May 2017. Campbell, L. (2016). Shocking Statistics That Illustrate Australia's Obesity Problem. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/02/24/australia-obesity-statistics_n_9154422.html on 10 May 2017. Foe. (2017). The benefits of Fairtrade. Retrieved from https://www.foe.co.uk/living/articles/benefits-fairtrade on 10 May 2017. The fit foodie. (2014). TOP 10 HEALTHY EATS IN SYDNEY. Retrieved from https://the-fit-foodie.com/top-10-healthy-eats-sydney/ on 9 May 2017.

Shahnameh by Firdausi Essay Example

Shahnameh by: Firdausi Essay CONTEXT A. BACKGROUND ON THE AUTHOR Firdausi Tousi, (935–1020) is considered to be one of the greatest Persian poets to have ever lived. Among the national heroes and literary greats of all time, Firdausi has a very special place. His life-long endeavor, dedication and   Ã‚  personal sacrifices to preserve the national identity, language and heritage of his homeland put him in great hardship during his lifetime, but won him fame and honor for one of the greatest poetic masterpieces of all time: the Shahnameh. Firdausi was born in the province of Tus, some 12 miles northeast of present-day Meshed. A land that had been controlled by the Islamic religion and the Arabs for about 300 years. It was with the writing of the  Shahnameh  (Book of Kings) by Firdausi that Persian literary influence began to grow in a nonpolitical way in the Arab world. Firdausi was just the pen name of the poet, his personal name and that of his father, according to al-Bundari, was ‘Mansur ben Hasan’. Firdausis family was rich enough to be independent. That made him able to study philosophy, astronomy, poetry, and astrology. We will write a custom essay sample on Shahnameh by: Firdausi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shahnameh by: Firdausi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shahnameh by: Firdausi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He was happily married to an educated musician who bore him a son, who died at the age of 37, and a daughter, who survived him. Firdausi began to write his masterpiece, the  Shahnameh,  at about the age of 40. His main motive in undertaking this great task was to revive the glory of ancient Iran. That is why Ferdausi used only Persian in his masterpiece. As Firdausi himself says  Persian language is revived by this work. B. BACKGROUND ON THE TEXT The Shahnameh is structured according to the mythical and historical reign of 50 Persian Kings. The epic can be roughly divided into three parts: the first part tells of the mythical creation of Persia and its earliest mythical past; the second part tells of the legendary Kings and the heroes Rostam and Sohrab which compromises most of the epic poem; the third part blends historical fact with legend, telling of the semi-mythical adventures of actual historical Kings. It is an enormous poetic opus written by the Persian poet Firdausi around 1000AD, is the national epic of the Persian speaking world. The  Shahnameh  tells the mythical and historical past of Iran from the creation of the world up until the Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century, it is rich with exploits of love and betrayal, courage, and valor. Aside from its utmost literary importance, the  Shahnameh  written in almost pure Persian, had been essential for reviving the Persian language subsequent to the influence of the Arabs. This voluminous work, regarded by Persian speakers as a literary masterpiece, also reflects Irans history, cultural values, its ancient religions (Zoroastrianism), and its profound sense of nationhood. There were insights that Firdausis 60,000 couplets epic poem is probably based mainly on an earlier prose version which itself was a compilation of old Iranian stories and historical facts and fables of the kings and heroes of Iran from mythical times down to the reign of Khosrau II (590-628), but it also contains additional material continuing the story to the overthrow of the Sassanids by the Arabs in the middle of the 7th century. However, there is without any doubt also a strong influence of oral literature, since the style of the Shahnameh shows characteristics of both written and oral literature. Firdausi completed the Shahnameh  at the point in time when national independence had been compromised. While there are memorable heroes and heroines of the classical type in this work, the real, ongoing hero is Iran itself. There is also this time in Iranian history where they call Shahnameh the Persian Quran. The Shahnameh is also considered to be one of the longest poems ever composed and recounts the history of Iran from the dawn of time to the Muslim Arab conquests of the seventh century AD. There is no Persian text, in prose or poetry, which has been so frequently and lavishly illustrated. The Shahnameh  can be divided into three main sections: the mythical age, the heroic age and the historical age. As a literary masterpiece, it  has played a vital role in recording the antiquity of Iranian culture, preserving the heritage of Persian poetry, purifying the Persian language and ensuring its independence from the other languages. SUMMARY The first part of this epic poem or the mythical age deals with the cosmography and the creation of the world out of nothing. After the creation, it was followed by the ruling of Jamshid for over 700 hundred years. When he was over thrown his reign was succeeded by the rule of the evil Serpent King Zahhak who is killed by a blacksmith. After Zahhak’s death King Faridun ruled over the land and comes after him were his sons. Then the part two of the epic poem or also known as the heroic age comes in. It begins with the birth of Zal from the union of Sam and an unnamed palace courtier. Zal is born to King Sam but the baby has hair as white as snow. Sam thinks his son is either an old man or a demon and orders the baby to be taken to the foothills of the Alborz mountains and be left there. Zal is found by the magical Simorgh, the phoenix like bird with red and gold feathers who has her nest on the summit of the mountain. She carries the baby to her next and brings him up as her own. Some years later King Sam is reminded in a haunting dream how badly he has behaved towards his son. Sam feels remorse and sets out to the Alborz mountains to see if his son might still be alive. He finds his son a grown handsome young man, well brought up by the bird. Zal doesnt want to leave the Simorgh, but she gives him one of her feathers and tells him if he is ever in trouble he must burn the feather and she will come to his aid. Zal hears a description of Rudabeh, daughter of Mehrab and falls in love with the description. Rudabeh hears equal praise of Zal. They meet, but Rudabeh friends tease her about falling for a man with white hair brought up in a birds nest. And Zal is equally worried, for Rudabeh is an ancestor of the evil serpent King Zahhak. But despite these obstacles they vow to meet, Rudabeh offering to let her hair down Rapunzal like from her tower so that Zal can climb up and see her. But Zal doesnt wish to hurt her and so they use a rope instead. They promise each other their hearts and can love no other. And all the families agree to their marriage, which overcomes the negative influence of the past. Their wedding lasts 30 days. Rudabeh got pregnant, but was in great pain and unable to give birth. Zal remembers the Simorghs feather. He burns it and the Simorgh appears. The bird orders and arranges the first caesarean birth, giving Rudabeh healing herbs and stroking her with her feathers. Rudabeh gives birth to a huge son, a lion cub, Rostam. Rostam is a miracle baby and has grown into a boy within 5 days and to the height and strength of a young man within weeks. As a child he is the only one who is able to kill a white elephant that is rampaging unstoppable through the palace. Due to that Rostam needs a horse and so all the horses in the kingdom are paraded in front of him. He places his hand on each horses back and each horse buckles under his strength and their bellies touch the ground. Then he sees a young foal, brave as a lion, as tall as a camel, as strong as an elephant. No one knows who the foal belongs to and no one can catch him. Rostam is the only one who can catch and saddle the foal. He says that the foal will be his war horse and calls the foal, Rakhsh, Lightning. During the reign of Rostam for 300 years, is the time which he overcomes seven heroic trials and many demons. Rostam sets off to free King Kay Kavus from demons. On the way he undergoes seven tests. These are known as the seven heroic trials (Lion, Desert, Dragon, Witch, Ulad, Demon King Arzhang, and The White Demon). After the seven tests Rakhsh is caught by Turkish horsemen while Rostam is asleep. Rostam goes to the King of Samangan for help. Tahmina, the Kings daughter has heard about Rostam and fallen in love with his description. She comes into his room while he sleeps and he wakes to see her beauty. They fall in love and marry. Tahmina helps get Rakhsh back. Rostam doesnt stay long and leaves to go on more campaigns. Before he leaves Rostam gives Tahmina a bracelet of gems, and if they have a child she is to give it to the baby. If it is a girl the girl can wear it in her hair, if it is a boy he should wear it on his arm. Rostam leaves and Tahmina never sees him again. Tahmina gives birth to a boy, Sohrab. At ten years old Sohrab asks who his father is. Tahmina tells him it is the champion Rostam, and gives Sohrab the bracelet. She tells Sohrab to keep it secret that he is the son of Rostam, because she is afraid that he will be called to war like his father, and she will never see him again. Sohrab is given a wonderful horse. His strength becomes widely known and the King sends him to war. Sohrab and Rostam meet on the battle field and dont know each other. Rostam is amazed by Sohrabs strength. Sohrab senses that this might be his father, and tells Rostam not to fight. Rostam thinks Sohrab is trying to trick him. So Sohrab is about to kill Rostam. Rostam tells him that a true hero never kills at the first strike and Sohrab lets him go. They fight again, but Sohrab is nervous and uncertain. He doesnt want to fight and Rostam immediately mortally wounds Sohrab. As Sohrab dies he describes how he has been looking for his father and shows Rostam the bracelet. Rostam realises this is his own son. Sohrab dies and Rostam is overwhelmed with grief. After that he arranges a funeral for his son. The part three of the epic poem or known as the historical age focuses on the reigns and adventures of, among others: Key Khosrow; Siyavush; Goshtasp; Esfandiyar; Darius; Alexander, and Bahram Gur. ANALYSIS A. THEME THEME| EXPLANATION| The Undying Power of Love| This is the thing that made up the story. Love connotes both positive and negative aspects, Rostam’s love for Taminah falls in for the positive aspect, the love that he felt when he first saw her and the love that they were proud of. But The love hat falls in the negative aspect is Rostam’s love fame, power, and for strength that eventually leads him to be away from his family. So he did not know anything about his son, therefore he unknowingly killed him. | B. MOTIFS MOTIFS| EXPLANATION| The Destructions of War| In a war nobody wins, but instead they all loose! Because war does not only take away the material things that a person values like the land and all the riches. But sometimes because of war you lose your own flesh and blood. Just like what happen with Rostam, because duty calls for it he has to leave his wife and his child even before he set eyes on it, now look how war destroys the family. Then as the young Sohrab grows he does not have a father to guide him, now war is destroying his chance to be raise by his father. And now because of war he had to fight with his father without his father knowing that he is nothing but his own flesh and blood. A Mother’s Love| Why do you think Taminah told his son not to tell who his father was? Because she loved his son so much. And because of this love fear starts to grow inside her. The fear that once the higher officials knew about his son he will be called to war, and she will never see him again. | The Fate of A Warrior| Once you’re a warrior you must learn to accept 2 things one is that in order to survive now you have to kill, while the other is none other than to die in a battle. But in this case it is more heart braking in Rostam’s part to know that the boy whom he just killed is none other than his own son. | C. SYMBOLS SYMBOLS| EXPLANATION| The Placement of Bracelet that is Given to Tahmina | Acording to Rostam when it is a daughter she should place it in her head, but if it is a son it should be placed in the arm. This depicts that if it’s a girl it’s her beauty that she will be known off just like her ancestors. But if it happens to be a son it’s his strength that is symbolized by his arm that will make him famous just like his ancestors the King’s of Persia. | The Three Rubies in the Bracelet| Using the mythological approach, number three symbolizes the spiritual belief, which shows that Rostam is asking for guidance from the gods. Also, red is the color of ruby which depicts power, bravery, and love. A father’s love for his child to be, and the strength, power and bravery that runs in his blood. | Rostam’s Sphere| A man in that time is measured through his social status, bravery and courage and in the number of demons he has slain and the wars he had won. In this case Rostam’s sphere symbolizes all of these things. And as he continuous to sharpen the sphere for it to be ready for any battle, shows what kind of will and desire to win Rostam possesses. Marriage Under the Moon Parting Under the Sun| Being married under the moonlight is a sign of asking for blessing, guidance and a strong marriage from a celestial being. But having to part ways under the sun in the middle of the day only shows the contradicting energy of the sun and the moon. This shows the binding and the unbinding of marriage. | The Son of Rakhsh as Sohrab’s Horse| This shows that just like Rostam Soharab too will wa lk through this path of wars and bloody death. and it began when he was given the son of Rakhsh. | D. FORM ELEMENT OF POETRY| EXPLANATION| Stanza| Shahnameh is an epic poem having 60,000 couplets. | Rhyme| The epic poem has an end rhyme, which occurs in the end of two lines. | Symbolism| Shahnameh is filled with different symbolisms. From material things, to feelings and emotions, and even celestial bodies. | Imagery| There is imagery in the poem because as the reader reads the lines it enables you the reader to visualize what was happening on the text or what was the character is experiencing. | Figures of Speech| There were also figures of speech found in the text, like simile, personification, irony, symbol and many more. | STUDY QUESTIONS . Shahnameh is written during the Arab conquest in Persia (Iran), what do you think is Firdausi’s reason for writing this epic? 2. What is the reason why Shahnameh is called the ‘Persian Quran’? 3. How is Rostam similar to other epic heroes? 4. What is the importance of the tests Rostam has undergone? 5. In the epic there were scenes in which Rostam is sleeping while Rakhsh is fighting, what do you think is the meaning of this? 6. What is the similarity of Taminah, an ancient woman to the woman of the present generation? 7. Do you think Shahnameh should be called an epic? Why? Why not? ESSAY TOPICS 1. It is said that Shahnameh is filled with four things such as love, betrayal, courage, and valor. Formulate an essay proving that it is true, and how these things enters in a person’s life and starts to complicate things. 2. What is your own opinion about war? Is it necessary, unavoidable? Is war really needed? Prove your answers. QUIZ 1. In the first part of the epic poem what is the world? a. The world is chaotic b. The world is ruled by the god’s c. The world is all but watersd. The world is filled with nothingness 2. Who is the ancestor of Rudabeh? a. King Zahhak b. King Sam c. King Faridumd. King Bahram Gur 3. What did the Simorgh gave Zal when he is about to leave? a. A gold bar b. A serpent staff c. A featherd. An egg 4. What is Rostam’s description when he was born? a. The Serpent Kingb. A Lion Cub c. The Snow Whited. The Reaper of Monterey 5. What does ‘Rakhsh’ means? a. Thunder b. Stormc. Lightning d. Tornado 6. What is Rostam’s third test? a. A fight with the witch b. A fight with the lion c. A fight with the Demon King d. A fight with the Dragon 7. What did Rostam gave Taminah before he left? a. A Tiarab. A Kissc. A Ringd. A Bracelet 8. How old is Sohrab when he asked about his father? a. 15b. 10c. 12d. 13 . Where did Sohrab died? a. On the battle field b. On the infirmary c. On the boat d. On the chariot 10. The part three of the epic poem is known as the ? a. Mythical Ageb. Historical Age c. Heroic Aged. Archetypal Age REFERENCES http://shahnameh. eu/ferdowsi. html http://www. encyclopedia. com/topic/Firdausi. aspx http://books. google. com. ph/books/abo ut/Shahnama. html? id=10xkB4rLRAUC=y http://www. medialeft. net/main/index. php? option=com_content=article=1846:ferdowsi-the-reviver-of-persian-language=145:kourosh-ziabari=269 http://www. bl. uk/learning/cult/inside/corner/shah/synopsis. html